May 20, 2021 · The case in Paris was brought by 2,700 women who said they had suffered long-term health effects after receiving implants manufactured by a French firm which were filled with cheap, industrial ... Aug 31, 2023 · In 1987, the ASPS said the side effects could make it harder to screen for breast cancer. Side effects of autologous augmentation can include: Dense or hard lumps. Oil cysts, which are growths filled with liquid fat. Calcifications, which are bone-like specks. Infection. As of January 2017, two lawsuits had been filed in California state and federal courts on behalf of MemoryGel recipients who allegedly suffered serious complications due to leaking breast implants, including: Hives, itching and skin rashes. Severe fatigue. Pain in breasts, chest, lymph nodes and/or ribs. Swollen lymph nodes.May 25, 2023 · This process is called osseointegration, and it is crucial to the long-term success of the implant. This process can take many months. ... Side effects of dental metal implants: Impact on human ... implant deflation and rupture. change in breast shape, volume, or sensation. thinning of your breast tissue and skin. calcium deposits. breast discomfort. nipple discharge. dropping or bottoming ...After implant removal, your breasts may sag, droop or appear misshapen. Many people choose to have implant removal with a breast lift (mastopexy). During a breast lift, your surgeon removes excess skin and reshapes your breast tissue. If needed, the surgeon can also reposition the nipple and areola. The result is firmer, more elevated breasts.US FDA Breast Implant Postapproval Studies: Long-term Outcomes in 99,993 Patients. 2019 Jan;269 (1):30-36. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002990. To analyze the long-term safety and efficacy outcomes of patients with breast implants. This is the largest study of breast implant outcomes. Silicone implants are associated with an increased risk of ... The typical long-term implications of plastic surgery procedures include the following: – Scarring after any procedure. – Rupture or leakage of breast implants. – Breast asymmetry after breast augmentation. – General dissatisfaction with the results. – Implant displacement. – Capsular contracture.Biodegradable implants and the possible short-term and long-term foreign body reactions are reviewed in the following sections. FIGURE 1. Biodegradable orthopedic implants. (A) Screws, plates, rods and tacks, commonly utilized for fracture fixation and meniscal repair (reprinted from Ciccone et al. 2001 28 ). These risks include. the potential need for additional surgeries. anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) systemic symptoms, commonly referred to as breast implant illness. the development of scar tissue that compresses the implant. breast pain. implant rupture or deflation. infection. The longer you have implants, the higher the chances that you ...Oct 5, 2018 · In some cases, the immune system starts attacking the body. This can result in many different symptoms like joint pain, fatigue, mental confusion, dizziness, fever, and hair loss. Some women with breast implants report many different symptoms that do not fit with the diagnosis of one specific disease. Over time, some women develop a pattern of ... Leaking silicone breast implants can cause health problems as well. ... Helling R, et al. (2012). Characterisation and migration properties of silicone materials during typical long-term ...How Breast Implants Change Over Time in the Body. As we age, our skin’s collagen production slows, making our skin more prone to loosening and sagging. Breasts with implants are more prone to sagging caused by the excess weight in the implant and from the natural effects of aging. In this instance, it’s not that different from a naturally ...Breast implants are artificial devices (prostheses) surgically inserted into your breasts. Breast implants are silicone shells filled with either silicone gel or saline (sterile salt water). Doctors called plastic surgeons insert breast implants. You may choose to receive breast implants following the loss of a breast to cancer.Weakness on 1 side of the body, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, drooping on one side of the face, or blurred eyesight. Depression or other mood changes. Eyesight changes or loss, bulging eyes, or change in how contact lenses feel. A lump in the breast, breast pain or soreness, or nipple discharge. Flu -like signs.A mastectomy is surgery to remove all breast tissue from a breast as a way to treat or prevent breast cancer. For those with early-stage breast cancer, a mastectomy may be one treatment option. Breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), in which only the tumor is removed from the breast, may be another option.The FDA has recently completed a study on the health effects of ruptured silicone gel breast implants. The study was published in the May 2001 Journal of Rheumatology. INTRODUCTION. Since the temporary tissue expander was introduced by Radovan 1 in 1982, two-stage prosthetic breast reconstruction comprising initial insertion of a tissue expander followed by exchange to an implant after a period of inflation has become a well-established option of breast reconstruction either immediately after mastectomy or later. 2 Most of the current literature concentrates ...Jul 1, 2010 · Other surgical side effects include infection around the implant, swelling and excessive bleeding. Other saline breast implant side effects include under or oversensitive nipples and often the nipples may feel completely numb. The implants also have the potential to break or to leak. Ruptures have occurred although these are typically the ... Sep 4, 2018 · Here are some long-term complications of a dental implant: Nerve or tissue damage may occur when a surgeon places an implant too close to a nerve. Signs of damage include numbness or tingling in ... This means that while he is still making the nose smaller, he is reinforcing the structure of the nose to ensure long-lasting, excellent results. An aging rhinoplasty is an important consideration for anyone thinking about having a nose job. The initial results you get are only the first step. How your nose looks after years and decades is ...Post-approval Study Updates: IDEAL IMPLANT Structured Saline Breast Implants, Sientra OPUS Silicone Gel Breast Implants, Mentor MemoryGel Silicone Gel-Filled and MemoryShape Breast Implants ...Swelling, bruising, and temporary pain may be side effects of breast implant surgery. After surgery, recovery time is needed to help the cut to heal and the body to adjust. Typical side... US FDA Breast Implant Postapproval Studies: Long-term Outcomes in 99,993 Patients. 2019 Jan;269 (1):30-36. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002990. To analyze the long-term safety and efficacy outcomes of patients with breast implants. This is the largest study of breast implant outcomes. Silicone implants are associated with an increased risk of ...Abstract. In this review, the authors provide a 20-year review and comparison of implant options and describe the evolution of breast implant surface textures; compare available implant surfaces; present long-term safety data from the 10-year US-based Core clinical studies; list the key benefits and risks associated with smooth and textured implants; and provide perspectives on breast implant ...A contraceptive implant (birth control implant) is a small, flexible rod-like device that your provider inserts under your skin in your inner, upper arm. It releases a steady dose of the hormone progestin into your bloodstream to prevent pregnancy for three years. Nexplanon© is the brand name of the birth control implant.Despite the possibility of contracture, some plastic surgeons still put the implant just beneath the skin or breast or glands in 32% of augmentation implants, probably because the procedure can have a better cosmetic effect and cause less long-term pain than the submuscular procedure.May 25, 2023 · This process is called osseointegration, and it is crucial to the long-term success of the implant. This process can take many months. ... Side effects of dental metal implants: Impact on human ... Oct 30, 2021 · A mastectomy is surgery to remove all breast tissue from a breast as a way to treat or prevent breast cancer. For those with early-stage breast cancer, a mastectomy may be one treatment option. Breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), in which only the tumor is removed from the breast, may be another option. The reality is that breast implants are not considered to be "lifetime devices," but they are designed to be long lasting and safe. Patients can expect today's implants—the products of decades of research into stronger shells and more stable fillers—to last more than a decade, with the chance of rupture increasing about one percent each year.Redness. Changes in breast or nipple sensation. Implant rupture or leak. Infection. Scarring. Some side effects can last well beyond the healing process. For example, long-term risks of breast implants include: Rupture or deflation: Both saline and silicone gel implants can undergo rupture and deflation. This occurs when a puncture appears in ...Breast implants are artificial devices (prostheses) surgically inserted into your breasts. Breast implants are silicone shells filled with either silicone gel or saline (sterile salt water). Doctors called plastic surgeons insert breast implants. You may choose to receive breast implants following the loss of a breast to cancer.Age at operation, duration of polyacrylamide hydrogel implantation, history of possible side effects to the gel injection, other intercurrent diseases, the reason for present open breast operation, and breast palpation findings before operation were in each case compared with the histological findings on samples taken from breast tissue ...Nov 1, 2019 · A study published in the Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Research looked into the question on if dental implants increased a person’s risk of getting oral cancer. The study concluded that “a direct link between dental implants and oral cancer was not found.”. Thus, the current research indicates that dental implants do not lead to oral ... Other long-term birth control options include the: copper intrauterine device (IUD) ParaGard; ... Some people experience side effects from the implant, but many people don’t.May 25, 2023 · This process is called osseointegration, and it is crucial to the long-term success of the implant. This process can take many months. ... Side effects of dental metal implants: Impact on human ... The dreadful complications of paraffin injections (1899 to 1914) were repeated many times over the next 30 years, with the huge plethora of materials that were used for breast augmentation. During the 1940s and 1950s, a half-century after the paraffin saga, history repeated itself again with silicone injections.Early menopause: Certain types of treatment may bring about the onset of menopause, which may cause uncomfortable symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and low sexual desire. Fertility issues due to breast cancer treatments such as chemo. Hair loss, a common side effect of chemo.The FDA has recently completed a study on the health effects of ruptured silicone gel breast implants. The study was published in the May 2001 Journal of Rheumatology. The team found that women with silicone implants had a higher risk of rare adverse outcomes, including sclerodermia, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome. The risk of developing these...Mar 3, 2022 · Swelling. Redness. Changes in breast or nipple sensation. Implant rupture or leak. Infection. Scarring. Some side effects can last well beyond the healing process. For example, long-term risks of breast implants include: Rupture or deflation: Both saline and silicone gel implants can undergo rupture and deflation. Results: Major complications occurred following cochlear implantation in 32 patients (8.7%) who had received their initial implant at TMU Hospital. Revision surgery was required for 30 patients. The mean age at implantation was 33 years 6 months (range, 1 year 9 months to 83 years; median, 37 years). The main etiology of deafness was unknown or ...Breast implant illness (BII) is a collection of symptoms that may be related to breast implants. Though the exact cause isn’t known, BII may be related to autoimmune or inflammatory responses. Common symptoms include fatigue, joint pain, brain fog and rash. Healthcare providers diagnose BII by ruling out other conditions.The FDA in the US, for example, explains that the longer you have breast implants, the more likely it will be for you to have them removed. In addition, their list of risks associated with this procedure is extensive and detailed, ranging from chest wall deformity to toxic shock syndrome. Now, about 50 years after breast implants were first ...The team found that women with silicone implants had a higher risk of rare adverse outcomes, including sclerodermia, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome. The risk of developing these... The term “breast implant illness”, are symptoms such as fatigue, memory loss, rash, “brain fog,” and joint pain that have been reported by some women with breast implants. Mar 3, 2022 · Swelling. Redness. Changes in breast or nipple sensation. Implant rupture or leak. Infection. Scarring. Some side effects can last well beyond the healing process. For example, long-term risks of breast implants include: Rupture or deflation: Both saline and silicone gel implants can undergo rupture and deflation. While breast implants are generally safe for most women, there are potential long-term effects that you should know of before deciding to undergo surgery. This blog will explore why you may be considering breast augmentation, the different types of implants available, and the important long-term effects of breast implants.When they approved silicone gel breast implants in 2006, the FDA required two implant manufacturers, Allergan and Mentor, to each conduct 10-year studies of at least 40,000 women to determine why implants break, how long they can be expected to last, and what the longer-term health consequences of broken and leaking breast implants might be. After having breast cancer surgery, some women have problems with nerve (neuropathic) pain in the chest wall, armpit, and/or arm that doesn’t go away over time. This is called post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) because it was first noticed in women who had mastectomies, but it can also happen after other types of breast-conserving surgery ...Generally, long-term effects can be divided into physical health concerns and psychological/emotional concerns. For physical health concerns, there is a risk of some long-term health problems with breast implants, such as hardening of the implant, rupture, capsular contracture, wrinkling and changes to the sensation of the breast.A post approval study on about 100,000 women who had breast implants has shown the long term effects of the procedure. The two most popular breast implants are the silicon gel and saline solution. The siliconeNov 28, 2018 · The health risks of breast implants. The team found that women with silicone implants had a higher risk of experiencing rare adverse outcomes, including sclerodermia, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome. The risk of developing these conditions was around six to eight times higher than in the rest of the population, moreover, silicone ... US FDA Breast Implant Postapproval Studies: Long-term Outcomes in 99,993 Patients. 2019 Jan;269 (1):30-36. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002990. To analyze the long-term safety and efficacy outcomes of patients with breast implants. This is the largest study of breast implant outcomes. Silicone implants are associated with an increased risk of ... Dec 5, 2022 · More than 365,000 women received breast implants in 2021, a 44% increase from the year before.. Breast augmentation remains one of the most common and popular plastic surgery procedures performed in the U.S., and it has a low risk of complications – the most common being breast pain, changes in nipple and breast sensation, scar tissue formation, and rupture and deflation. This study provides long-term results of augmentation mammoplasty by a single surgeon (G.P.G.) evaluating available options and reasonable expectations after explantation. Although most of the augmentation patients have a good outcome, some require removal of implants for a variety of reasons and lo … increased thirst. loss of appetite. lower back or side pain. nausea. swelling of the face, fingers, or lower legs. trouble breathing. unusual tiredness or weakness. vomiting. weight gain.Abstract. In this review, the authors provide a 20-year review and comparison of implant options and describe the evolution of breast implant surface textures; compare available implant surfaces; present long-term safety data from the 10-year US-based Core clinical studies; list the key benefits and risks associated with smooth and textured implants; and provide perspectives on breast implant ...Jul 11, 2023 · Overall, 70%–80% of biopsies are negative for cancer, and some show signs of benign breast diseases or conditions that increase the risk of breast cancer. This article will explain a breast biopsy, including the purpose, types of biopsy available, risks, contraindications, and interpretation of the results. Oct 30, 2021 · A mastectomy is surgery to remove all breast tissue from a breast as a way to treat or prevent breast cancer. For those with early-stage breast cancer, a mastectomy may be one treatment option. Breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), in which only the tumor is removed from the breast, may be another option. Mar 6, 2022 · Redness. Changes in breast or nipple sensation. Implant rupture or leak. Infection. Scarring. Some side effects can last well beyond the healing process. For example, long-term risks of breast implants include: Rupture or deflation: Both saline and silicone gel implants can undergo rupture and deflation. This occurs when a puncture appears in ... Nov 5, 2018 · INTRODUCTION. Since the temporary tissue expander was introduced by Radovan 1 in 1982, two-stage prosthetic breast reconstruction comprising initial insertion of a tissue expander followed by exchange to an implant after a period of inflation has become a well-established option of breast reconstruction either immediately after mastectomy or later. 2 Most of the current literature concentrates ... A post approval study on about 100,000 women who had breast implants has shown the long term effects of the procedure. The two most popular breast implants are the silicon gel and saline solution. The siliconeA post approval study on about 100,000 women who had breast implants has shown the long term effects of the procedure. The two most popular breast implants are the silicon gel and saline solution.Early menopause: Certain types of treatment may bring about the onset of menopause, which may cause uncomfortable symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and low sexual desire. Fertility issues due to breast cancer treatments such as chemo. Hair loss, a common side effect of chemo.Jan 17, 2022 · How Breast Implants Change Over Time in the Body. As we age, our skin’s collagen production slows, making our skin more prone to loosening and sagging. Breasts with implants are more prone to sagging caused by the excess weight in the implant and from the natural effects of aging. In this instance, it’s not that different from a naturally ... Weakness on 1 side of the body, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, drooping on one side of the face, or blurred eyesight. Depression or other mood changes. Eyesight changes or loss, bulging eyes, or change in how contact lenses feel. A lump in the breast, breast pain or soreness, or nipple discharge. Flu -like signs.Early menopause: Certain types of treatment may bring about the onset of menopause, which may cause uncomfortable symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and low sexual desire. Fertility issues due to breast cancer treatments such as chemo. Hair loss, a common side effect of chemo.The FDA in the US, for example, explains that the longer you have breast implants, the more likely it will be for you to have them removed. In addition, their list of risks associated with this procedure is extensive and detailed, ranging from chest wall deformity to toxic shock syndrome. Now, about 50 years after breast implants were first ...Nov 1, 2019 · A study published in the Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Research looked into the question on if dental implants increased a person’s risk of getting oral cancer. The study concluded that “a direct link between dental implants and oral cancer was not found.”. Thus, the current research indicates that dental implants do not lead to oral ... Among the 2171 women with cosmetic breast implants, 30 developed cancer against 33.7 expected (SIR = 0.9,95% CI = 0.6-1.3). There was no evidence for an increase in breast cancer risk (SIR 0.5, 95 ... More than 365,000 women received breast implants in 2021, a 44% increase from the year before.. Breast augmentation remains one of the most common and popular plastic surgery procedures performed in the U.S., and it has a low risk of complications – the most common being breast pain, changes in nipple and breast sensation, scar tissue formation, and rupture and deflation.Mastectomy is breast cancer surgery that removes the entire breast. A mastectomy might be done: When a woman cannot be treated with breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), which saves most of the breast. If a woman chooses mastectomy over breast-conserving surgery for personal reasons. Between one in 355 to one in 2,200 of these individuals develop the disease depending on type of textured implant, according to recent studies. Currently, there does not seem to be a greater cancer risk based on the type of implant (silicone or saline) or the type of surgery (breast augmentation or reconstruction). Breast implants are artificial devices (prostheses) surgically inserted into your breasts. Breast implants are silicone shells filled with either silicone gel or saline (sterile salt water). Doctors called plastic surgeons insert breast implants. You may choose to receive breast implants following the loss of a breast to cancer. The term “breast implant illness”, are symptoms such as fatigue, memory loss, rash, “brain fog,” and joint pain that have been reported by some women with breast implants. While breast implants are generally safe for most women, there are potential long-term effects that you should know of before deciding to undergo surgery. This blog will explore why you may be considering breast augmentation, the different types of implants available, and the important long-term effects of breast implants. Aug 14, 2018 · In this article, we look at the short-term and long-term side effects and risks of hormonal birth control. Health Conditions. ... The implant protects from pregnancy for up to 4 years. Long-term side effects of birth control pills do occur, but using oral contraceptives generally is considered safe and effective for most people. In some cases, pills that contain estrogen can raise the risk of stroke, blood clots, and heart attacks in some people and should be avoided. For many people, the benefits of using birth control long ...This can cause problems in the breast, including: Pain, soreness or swelling. Changes in size or shape. Lumps. Hardening. If you have silicone breast implants and suspect that an implant might have ruptured, talk to your plastic surgeon. An imaging test, such as an MRI or ultrasound, can show whether the implant has ruptured.Infection Changes in nipple and breast feeling, which is often temporary Leaking or tearing More surgery, either to remove or replace the implants, might be needed for any of these issues. With certain breast implants there is a low risk of developing a type of cancer known as breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). Generally, long-term effects can be divided into physical health concerns and psychological/emotional concerns. For physical health concerns, there is a risk of some long-term health problems with breast implants, such as hardening of the implant, rupture, capsular contracture, wrinkling and changes to the sensation of the breast. Breast implant illness (BII) is a collection of symptoms that may be related to breast implants. Though the exact cause isn’t known, BII may be related to autoimmune or inflammatory responses. Common symptoms include fatigue, joint pain, brain fog and rash. Healthcare providers diagnose BII by ruling out other conditions. A breast implant is usually required for the desired projection and size. May have complications in the back where the tissue was taken from. Muscle weakness in the back can affect rock climbers, swimmers and tennis players. We're here for you. Call us at 1-877-632-6789 or. request an appointment online.The long-term implant cumulative survival rate up to 16 years was 82.94%. The prevalence of biological complications was 16.94% and the prevalence of technical complications was 31.09%. The cumulative complication rate after an observation period of 10-16 years was 48.03%, which meant that substantial amounts of chair time were necessary ...Nov 24, 2018 · A post approval study on about 100,000 women who had breast implants has shown the long term effects of the procedure. The two most popular breast implants are the silicon gel and saline solution. The silicone Aug 31, 2023 · In 1987, the ASPS said the side effects could make it harder to screen for breast cancer. Side effects of autologous augmentation can include: Dense or hard lumps. Oil cysts, which are growths filled with liquid fat. Calcifications, which are bone-like specks. Infection. Oct 6, 2022 · Radiation therapy Enlarge image. Radiation therapy for breast cancer uses high-energy X-rays, protons or other particles to kill cancer cells. Rapidly growing cells, such as cancer cells, are more susceptible to the effects of radiation therapy than are normal cells. The X-rays or particles are painless and invisible. Oct 6, 2022 · Radiation therapy Enlarge image. Radiation therapy for breast cancer uses high-energy X-rays, protons or other particles to kill cancer cells. Rapidly growing cells, such as cancer cells, are more susceptible to the effects of radiation therapy than are normal cells. The X-rays or particles are painless and invisible. Breast augmentation, frequently achieved through the use of breast implants, has consistently remained one of the top five most popular plastic surgeries performed worldwide. This procedure, which aims to increase the size, change the shape, or modify the texture of the breasts, often provides individuals with increased self-confidence and satisfaction with their body image. However, […]
Aug 21, 2018 · One of the most common side effects of the implant is irregular menstrual bleeding, and this is the main reason for early discontinuation of the implant. 2 In fact, less than a quarter of people using the implant will continue to have regular periods. 3. This change is due to the altered hormone levels in your body with the implant. . Kemono dl
The long-term implant cumulative survival rate up to 16 years was 82.94%. The prevalence of biological complications was 16.94% and the prevalence of technical complications was 31.09%. The cumulative complication rate after an observation period of 10-16 years was 48.03%, which meant that substantial amounts of chair time were necessary ... In summary, contrary to long-standing precepts that are largely based on the equivalence of the weight and volume of conventional silicone and saline breast implants, the breast implant's weight, rather than its volume, is the cause of many postoperative complications and side effects. Long-term stability of the augmented breast directly ...The dreadful complications of paraffin injections (1899 to 1914) were repeated many times over the next 30 years, with the huge plethora of materials that were used for breast augmentation. During the 1940s and 1950s, a half-century after the paraffin saga, history repeated itself again with silicone injections.Weakness on 1 side of the body, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, drooping on one side of the face, or blurred eyesight. Depression or other mood changes. Eyesight changes or loss, bulging eyes, or change in how contact lenses feel. A lump in the breast, breast pain or soreness, or nipple discharge. Flu -like signs.Long-term side effects of birth control pills do occur, but using oral contraceptives generally is considered safe and effective for most people. In some cases, pills that contain estrogen can raise the risk of stroke, blood clots, and heart attacks in some people and should be avoided. For many people, the benefits of using birth control long ...Nov 28, 2018 · The health risks of breast implants. The team found that women with silicone implants had a higher risk of experiencing rare adverse outcomes, including sclerodermia, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome. The risk of developing these conditions was around six to eight times higher than in the rest of the population, moreover, silicone ... Breast implants are artificial devices (prostheses) surgically inserted into your breasts. Breast implants are silicone shells filled with either silicone gel or saline (sterile salt water). Doctors called plastic surgeons insert breast implants. You may choose to receive breast implants following the loss of a breast to cancer.According to 2016 statistics from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the average butt implant surgeon’s fee was $4,860. The national average for augmentation with grafting was slightly ...Breast Implants: Expectations vs. Reality. Breast augmentation-- breast implant surgery -- is the top cosmetic surgery performed today, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. A ... Aug 14, 2018 · In this article, we look at the short-term and long-term side effects and risks of hormonal birth control. Health Conditions. ... The implant protects from pregnancy for up to 4 years. Nov 28, 2018 · The health risks of breast implants. The team found that women with silicone implants had a higher risk of experiencing rare adverse outcomes, including sclerodermia, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome. The risk of developing these conditions was around six to eight times higher than in the rest of the population, moreover, silicone ... Apr 25, 2018 · Effectiveness in preventing pregnancy. Health issues which may limit some choices. Ease of use. Side effects including changes to usual periods. Benefits other than contraception. Cost and availability. Reversibility. Protection against sexually transmitted diseases. There are different methods of contraception. From the moment silicone compounds became available for implants in humans, long-term effects were of particular concern. It was recognized that subcutaneous implantation of silicone compounds in rodents would produce local tumors at the implantation site. Solid-state carcinogenesis had been discovered in the 1940s and was a well-known ... .